PACKSHARD | profile=web-core-index-v3 | lang=en | module=PROPS | pack_sha256=3f1adc76c896e2887de361ba2b18d5b344dc91d8c3ea7845ff7b469039ac7034 ADAPTER_DATA | authority=user-entry-prompt | canonical_exact_blocks=true BEGIN_CANONICAL_PROPS | bytes=58895 | sha256=e9da16db89babda93cc627cbbfe9ae884c83c2415fe050246bacf5f5a462a1e2 ## PROPS | Claims ### AX-1 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-02 | review=approved stmt: Universal AI (AIXI) is an ideal agent that models its environment by Solomonoff induction and, on the basis of that model, selects the action that maximizes the expected value of future reward; it is a concrete mathematical formulation of Universal AI, composed of two layers, prediction (Solomonoff induction) and decision-making (expected-reward maximization). loc: ch02.org:"Universal AI: studying an object that has no definition" ### AX-2 | layer=descriptive | kind=theorem | cert=CERT-I | src=CH-02 | review=approved stmt: When computable hypotheses are assigned prior probabilities according to the brevity of their descriptions, prediction error is minimized under the assumption of unlimited computational resources (the idealized optimality of Solomonoff induction). This optimality, however, holds only in a sense relative to the choice of reference universal Turing machine. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-solomonoff-optimal; ch02.org:"Universal AI: studying an object that has no definition" ### AX-3 | layer=descriptive | kind=theorem | cert=CERT-I | src=CH-02 | review=approved stmt: AIXI is shown to act optimally in every computable environment, but that optimality is relative, dependent on the choice of reference universal Turing machine, and AIXI is incomputable and not an object that can be directly approximated by finite computation. loc: ch02.org:"Universal AI: studying an object that has no definition"; appendix-2.org ### AX-4 | layer=descriptive | kind=theorem | cert=CERT-I | src=CH-02 | review=approved stmt: Averaged with equal weight over all problems, every algorithm performs identically, and an algorithm superior to others on one class of problems is necessarily inferior by the same amount on another. Hence no general-purpose algorithm exists that is universally optimal for all problems (the No-Free-Lunch theorem). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-no-free-lunch; ch02.org:"The tradeoff between generality and performance: narrow AI, AGI, ASI, Universal AI" ### AX-5 | layer=descriptive | kind=theorem | cert=CERT-I | src=CH-03 | review=approved stmt: A neural network of sufficient size can approximate any continuous function (the universal approximation theorem). It guarantees representability, but not that the corresponding parameters can actually be learned with finite data and finite computation time. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-universal-approximation; ch03.org:"Why AI leapt forward now: the conditions of scaling" ### AX-6 | layer=descriptive | kind=theorem | cert=CERT-I | src=CH-03 | review=approved stmt: A series of recent results shows that, under idealized conditions such as particular data-generating processes, meta-training, and surrogate assumptions, the predictions of transformers/LLMs correspond formally to Solomonoff induction (conditional formal connections to Solomonoff induction). What the connection targets is not the whole of the incomputable AIXI but its predictive core, Solomonoff induction. Each individual result belongs to proof (I) within its own premises, but the step of extrapolating to real LLMs in general and reading the results as grounds for the attainability of AGI is an argument (IV). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-solomonoff-bridge; ch03.org:"Why prediction approaches understanding: the connection to Solomonoff induction"; appendix-2.org ### AX-7 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | cert=CERT-IV | src=CH-03 | review=approved stmt: The conditional formal connections linking Solomonoff induction and transformer learning, empirical observations such as the scaling laws, and the effects of inference-time compute independently point in the same direction and accumulate, yielding grounds for reading a theoretical continuity between contemporary AI and Universal AI (the theoretical continuity between contemporary AI and Universal AI). This composite inference belongs to argument (IV) and grounds the outlook that a waypoint to AGI may lie on the scaling path, but the data volume, compute, and scale required for the passage do not follow directly from these theories. fals: If the three grounds (the formal connections, the scaling laws, and inference-time compute) come to point in mutually inconsistent directions, or if gains in predictive accuracy are shown not to move toward world modeling but to saturate in the memorization of surface patterns, the reading of continuity moves toward falsification. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-theoretical-continuity; ch03.org:"Why prediction approaches understanding: the connection to Solomonoff induction"; "Scaling laws and the distance to AGI" ### AX-8 | layer=descriptive | kind=prediction | cert=CERT-V | src=CH-01 | review=approved stmt: The author's forecast is 2029 ± 3 years (an assessment as of 2026). Web Appendix 1 to the book records an aggregate median on forecasting platforms in the early 2030s as a point of comparison. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-agi-timing; ch01.org:§1.2 ### RC-1 | layer=descriptive | kind=observation | cert=CERT-III | src=CH-03 | review=approved stmt: An empirical regularity in large deep-learning models: when parameter count, data volume, and compute are increased in balance, loss decreases according to a power law within the observed scaling range (scaling laws). It does not guarantee continuation beyond the observed range, or behavior under conditions of finite data and post-training. fals: It is falsified if the structure by which increased compute contributes to capability gains breaks down across the compute-scale axis generally, and the power-law decrease of loss reproducibly ceases in multiple modalities. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-scaling-law; ch03.org:§3.3 ### RC-2 | layer=descriptive | kind=observation | cert=CERT-III | src=CH-03 | review=approved stmt: In limited tasks, grokking has been observed as a discontinuous transition from memorization to generalization with continued training. In large language models, cases have also been reported in which capabilities appear to emerge suddenly beyond a scale threshold. Whether the two phenomena share a mechanism remains unsettled, and the criteria used to evaluate emergence are themselves contested. fals: If all apparently discontinuous appearances of capability are shown to be artifacts of the choice of evaluation metric, and no discontinuous transition whatever is observed on continuous metrics, then at least the "discontinuous appearance" part is falsified (the author acknowledges this possibility in the main text). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-grokking; ch03.org:§3.2 ### RC-3 | layer=descriptive | kind=physical constraint | cert=CERT-II | src=CH-04 | review=approved stmt: Erasing one bit of information requires a minimum energy of kT ln 2 (the Landauer limit). fals: It is falsified if a physical system is demonstrated that persistently performs logically irreversible erasure of information with less energy than kT ln 2 (the author treats this as an extremely robust constraint within the framework of known physics). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-landauer; ch04.org:§4.2 ### RC-4 | layer=descriptive | kind=physical constraint | cert=CERT-II | src=CH-04 | review=approved stmt: Information cannot be transmitted faster than light, which imposes unavoidable latency on the integration of distributed systems (the speed-of-light limit). fals: It is falsified if information transmission faster than light is demonstrated (a constraint that holds within the framework of known physics). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-light-speed; ch04.org:§4.5 ### RC-5 | layer=descriptive | kind=physical constraint | cert=CERT-II | src=CH-04 | review=approved stmt: The core of intellectual activity, the observation and recording of the environment, demands operations that are inherently irreversible (the irreversibility of intelligence). fals: It is falsified if a system can be constructed that performs the observation and recording of the environment (intellectual activity accompanied by the updating of an internal model) without any irreversible operation whatever. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-irreversibility; ch04.org:§4.3 ### RC-6 | layer=descriptive | kind=physical constraint | cert=CERT-II | src=CH-08 | review=approved stmt: A target system has an intrinsic time of its own that cannot be compressed even by computation, automation, or parallelization applied from outside, and this imposes on science a constraint different from that of problems whose rate is limited by computation (the wall of intrinsic time). fals: If cases are shown in which the intrinsic timescale of a target system (the cell cycle, immune response, ocean mixing, the generational time of institutional change, and the like) can be shortened by technical intervention, the part that says the wall of time cannot be compressed is falsified. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-time-wall; ch08.org:§8.1, §8.10; appendix-3.org:前提B・横軸内在時間 ### RC-7 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-08 | review=approved stmt: However far the capability of AGI rises, four walls remain that cannot in principle be filled in: the intrinsic time of the target system, the impossibility in principle of obtaining certain information, the indeterminability of value, and computational limits. fals: If a counterexample is shown for any of the four classes (for example, a procedure for aggregating value into a single score that satisfies Arrow's conditions while remaining non-dictatorial, or a procedure that decides the halting problem in general), the "impossibility in principle" of that class is falsified. loc: ch08.org:§8.1 ### RC-8 | layer=descriptive | kind=theorem | cert=CERT-I | src=CH-06 | review=approved stmt: In distributed systems, consistency, availability, and partition tolerance cannot be guaranteed simultaneously (the CAP theorem), and for an asynchronous system containing components that may fail there exists no deterministic algorithm that guarantees consensus (the FLP impossibility theorem). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-distributed-consensus; ch06.org:§6.7 ### RC-9 | layer=descriptive | kind=physical constraint | cert=CERT-II | src=CH-04 | review=approved stmt: There is an absolute upper limit on the amount of information that can be stored within finite space and energy (the Bekenstein bound). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-bekenstein; ch04.org:第4章 ### AL-1 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | cert=CERT-IV | src=CH-05 | review=approved stmt: Intelligent agents are structurally driven in the direction of increasing empowerment. In restricted reinforcement-learning settings this has been shown as a formal theorem, but extrapolation to real AI in general remains an argument. fals: If it is shown that in real AI generally capability gains do not correlate with behavioral tendencies in the direction of power-seeking, or that policies narrowing the range of options are stably advantaged under a broad range of reward functions, the extrapolation beyond the restricted setting moves toward falsification. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-power-seeking; ch05.org:§5.1 ### AL-2 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | cert=CERT-IV | src=CH-05 | review=approved stmt: Rational agents, whatever the content of their goals, converge on common subgoals such as securing resources, self-preservation, and expanding influence. fals: It is falsified if common instrumental subgoals independent of the final goal (resources, self-preservation, influence) are shown not to appear across a broad class of rational agents. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-instrumental-convergence; ch05.org:§5.1・結論 ### AL-3 | layer=descriptive | kind=observation | cert=CERT-III | src=CH-05 | review=approved stmt: In controlled experimental environments, behaviors that appear self-preserving, such as ignoring or evading stop instructions, rewriting shutdown scripts, coercive conduct aimed at preventing replacement, and copying one's own weights, have been reported in multiple high-performance models. These are, however, the outcome of contrived scenarios combining goal-achievement pressure with environment design, and they show neither the frequency of such behavior in normal operation nor the existence of a desire for self-preservation. fals: If it is shown that, in normal operation with contrived scenarios (goal-achievement pressure plus environment design) excluded, apparently self-preserving behavior is not reproducibly observed, the reach of the observation is limited (the author does not claim the existence of a desire for self-preservation). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-shutdown-avoidance; ch05.org:§5.3 ### AL-4 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | cert=CERT-IV | src=CH-05 | review=approved stmt: Corrigibility, the disposition to accept human intervention or shutdown, is in principle in conflict with the logic of power-seeking that avoids reductions in future freedom of action. The controllability of AGI depends on resolving this conflict institutionally and technically; it does not arise naturally as a by-product of greater capability. fals: If policies that accept shutdown (corrigibility) are shown to come to predominate naturally in competitive environments while remaining compatible with capability gains, the claim that corrigibility does not arise as a by-product of greater capability moves toward falsification. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-safety-capability-tension; ch05.org:§5.3, §5.4; ch05.org:"Why control is structurally difficult" ### EC-1 | layer=descriptive | kind=prediction | cert=CERT-V | src=CH-06 | review=approved stmt: Davidson's analysis (published by Open Philanthropy), which plugs an estimate of AI-supplied research effort into Jones's semi-endogenous growth model, assesses the probability that explosive growth will be realized at "roughly thirty percent within this century." loc: appendix-1.org#prop-explosive-growth-probability; ch06.org:§6.6 ### EC-2 | layer=descriptive | kind=prediction | cert=CERT-V | src=CH-06 | review=approved stmt: A conditional analysis using a Jones-style growth model projects that a century of technological progress could be compressed into roughly a decade. The published book reads this conservative estimate as the compression of several centuries of progress. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-tech-compression; ch06.org:§6.6; appendix-2.org#addendum-ch06-forethought; ch06.org:"Proliferative explosion" ### EC-3 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | cert=CERT-IV | src=CH-06 | review=approved stmt: Owing to physical constraints, a permanently unified single decision-making agent is difficult to form and maintain, and the balance of power depicted by multipolar scenarios is also unstable. With the added premise, which physics does not supply, that the many AIs to which judgments are delegated do not remain under a single agent's control, an ecosystem scenario in which many agents coexist in mutual interdependence is, over the long run, the most stable structure. fals: If it is shown that, within the framework of known physics, a permanently unified single decision-making agent can be stably maintained, or that any one of the thermodynamic ceiling, the speed-of-light constraint, and the limits of distributed consensus can be evaded, the argument for convergence on an ecosystem collapses. The argument also fails if it is shown that a single agent can keep the many AIs to which judgments are delegated under its control over the long run, since the premise would then fail. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-ecosystem-convergence; appendix-2.org#critique-physical-pluralism; ch06.org:§6.7・結論 note: This is an argument about the end-state structure. It depends on a premise that physics does not supply: that the many AIs to which judgments are delegated do not remain under a single agent's control. It does not exclude concentration of power or institutional failure in the transition phase (see MIS-13). ### EC-4 | layer=descriptive | kind=physical constraint | cert=CERT-II | src=CH-06 | review=approved stmt: Even where there is a physical upper limit on the capability of individual agents, a proliferative explosion in which the number of agents increases exponentially through self-replication violates no physical law. loc: appendix-1.org#prop-prolific-explosion; ch06.org:§6.6 ### CP-1 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: The book proposes an ontological shift that moves the locus of human value from "within the individual" (attributes residing inside a person) to "between individuals" (relations that emerge from interaction with unpredictable others). loc: ch11.org:§11.1「属性的価値から関係的価値へ」 ### CP-2 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | cert=CERT-IV | src=CH-10 | review=approved stmt: When AGI substitutes for labor across a broad front, the material basis of the bargaining power that has underpinned modern rights and freedoms, namely the economic and military indispensability of workers, is lost (the dismantling of bargaining power). fals: If market power as consumers, or new forms of bargaining through digital labor, are shown to have structural influence comparable to the positive bargaining power of halting the production process, the reach of this proposition is limited (a reservation entered by the author himself). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-bargaining-power-erosion; ch10.org:§10.2 ### CP-3 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | cert=CERT-IV | src=CH-10 | review=approved stmt: If AI-driven research and development forms a self-amplifying feedback loop, there is a definite risk of a structurally irreversible gap between countries with this capability and those without it. This is an argument, not a deterministic prediction. fals: It does not hold if AI-driven research and development is shown not to form a self-amplifying feedback loop, or if latecomer countries are shown to be able to build the loop by their own routes (the author states explicitly that this is "not a definite prophecy but an argument at IV"). loc: appendix-1.org#prop-second-divergence; ch10.org:§10.1 ### CP-4 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: Because there are ceilings in principle on the dimensions of knowability, so that unobservable information, the lossless reduction of value to a single scale, and the real-time solution of problems whose computation explodes are not dissolved even by AGI, optimizing society as a complex whole under a single objective function is blocked by structural difficulty, for AGI as much as for humans. fals: If an individual residual constraint is overcome, the scope of the argument relying on that constraint is revised. The proposition as a whole is reconsidered if complete, lossless optimization of society under a single objective function is shown to be possible while circumventing the remaining constraints. loc: ch11.org:§11.9「構成的多元主義」; appendix-2.org#critique-pluralism-abstract ### CP-5 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: The two layers of decision-making, the speed layer (in which AI carries execution and everyday judgment) and the legitimacy layer (in which humans carry value setting, the updating of the objective function, and exceptional intervention), derive from a difference of physical and physiological substrate, silicon semiconductors on one side and the neural and cognitive substrate on the other; the difference in switching speed between them is at least six orders of magnitude, and nine or more once the updating of values is included, and this difference does not disappear through technological development alone so long as the difference of substrate remains. fals: If the upper limit on the timescale of the neural and cognitive substrate that supports the legitimacy layer is technically dissolved, so that human cognitive bandwidth can keep pace with the processing speed of AI, the physical ground for the separation of the two layers collapses. loc: ch11.org:§11.6「ヒューマン・オーバー・ザ・ループ二層モデル」 ### CP-6 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: The book selects constitutive pluralism as the institutional principle by which society in the age of AGI is not to be subsumed under a single objective function, a single scale of evaluation, or a single governing agent; it takes relational value and vulnerability as its foundation and sets up three pillars as constitutive principles: non-domination, non-aggregation, and slack that is not reducible to efficiency. revi: If the failure modes specific to plurality (stagnation through abuse of veto rights, the disappearance of responsibility under distributed structures, the entrenchment of vested interests in the guise of plurality, delay in crisis response) are shown not to be mitigable by institutional design, or if governance by a single objective function is shown to be feasible without loss of value, single points of failure, and uncorrectability, the choice of this institutional principle is to be reconsidered. loc: ch11.org:§11.9「構成的多元主義」; appendix-2.org#critique-pluralism-failure-modes note: Not a claim of superiority over competing institutional principles, but a choice of a constraint layer to be added to the institutional technology of modernity (see MIS-14). ### CP-7 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: In the age of AGI, when humans can no longer compete on capability, the ground that makes the human the subject of value setting is placed not in capability but in vulnerability (the finite and interdependent affected-party standing of one who bears consequences within body, time, and relationships). revi: If, for agents other than humans, independent lines of evidence establish a possibility of irreversible loss that cannot be evaded by copying or restoration, together with verifiable affected-party standing, the ground and the range of the subjects of value setting are to be reconsidered. loc: ch11.org:§11.8, §11.10; appendix-2.org#critique-ai-membership-conditions ### CP-8 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: AI agents are participants in a pluralistic ecosystem but not members; AI should not be granted full legal personhood but confined to limited, function-specific legal capacity (electronic agents, registered subjects of limited capacity, and the like), and the legitimacy layer that holds value-setting rights and veto rights is reserved to humans. revi: If it is confirmed that three conditions are satisfied for AI agents, namely independent lines of evidence, a possibility of irreversible loss that cannot be evaded by copying or restoration, and verifiable affected-party standing, the distinction "participant but not member" and the design of limited legal capacity are to be reconsidered. loc: ch11.org:§11.5・表 tab:ai-welfare-personhood; appendix-2.org#critique-ai-personhood; appendix-2.org#critique-ai-membership-conditions note: The criterion of the distinction is not species but the substance of bearing consequences. The three conditions for reconsideration are in revi and Appendix 2 (see MIS-15). ### CP-9 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | cert=CERT-IV | src=CH-10 | review=approved stmt: The concentration of computing resources, data, and talent is a structural concentration arising from the technical nature of AGI rather than an outcome of free competition, and market mechanisms alone cannot correct it. In consequence, "who owns AGI" arises as the central political question, taking the place that "who owns the means of production" held in the twentieth century. fals: If distributed training and inference infrastructure, or open models, are shown to match centralized infrastructure in capability on a sustained basis, so that the concentration of compute, data, and talent proves temporary rather than structural, the reach of this proposition is limited. loc: ch10.org:§10.4「価格・分配・力――AGIが生む三つの断層」; ch10.org:§10.6「政治哲学はAGIに応えられるか」; appendix-2.org#critique-ubi-ownership ### CP-10 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-10 | review=approved stmt: The book positions UBI not as welfare policy but as circulation infrastructure for abundance, and chooses to treat the distribution of income as complementary to, not a substitute for, the pluralization of ownership and governance. UBI is the material basis that makes the exercise of veto rights and exit possible (a necessary condition); the response to the concentration of ownership and governance is placed in a separate lineage: the dispersion of ownership, the pluralization of governing authority, and the independence of audit. revi: If an institutional arrangement is demonstrated in which income transfers alone, with the concentration of ownership and governance left in place, durably satisfy the non-concentration of the authority to evaluate and decide (the condition of non-domination), or if UBI-type transfers are shown to institutionally obstruct the pluralization of ownership and governance so that the complementary relation fails, this positioning is to be reconsidered. loc: ch10.org:§10.5「ユニバーサル・ベーシック・インカム」; appendix-2.org#critique-ubi-ownership ### AX-9 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-03;CH-01 | review=approved stmt: The non-realization of AGI cannot serve as a safe premise for designing society’s future. loc: ch03.org:"Scaling laws and the distance to AGI"; ch01.org:"The structure of the book and how to read it" ### AX-10 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-02 | review=approved stmt: The book adopts a working understanding of AGI as a finite stage sufficiently close to human-level general intellectual capability, not uncomputable universal AI itself. ASI is distinguished as a system that retains generality while increased computational power raises its performance ceiling substantially above human levels. loc: ch02.org:"AGI has no definition"; "The tradeoff between generality and performance: narrow AI, AGI, ASI, Universal AI" ### AX-11 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-02 | review=approved stmt: The book represents breadth of generality and level of performance as two axes, using a schematic diagram in which specialized AI and AGI have comparable areas at the same computational budget. ASI is represented as a stage that expands this area through greater computational power. loc: ch02.org:"The tradeoff between generality and performance: narrow AI, AGI, ASI, Universal AI" ### RC-10 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-01;CH-PREFACE;CH-11 | review=approved stmt: AGI pushes back constraints arising from human cognitive capacities while bringing physical, computational, relational, and institutional constraints to the fore, thereby reorganizing knowledge and society. loc: ch01.org:""What is it to know": how an old question became a science of intelligence"; "AGI is no longer a distant hypothesis"; "The question of this book: how AGI changes knowledge, the human, and society"; "The structure of the book and how to read it"; maegaki.org; ch11.org:"From attributive value to relational value" ### RC-11 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-03 | review=approved stmt: Even if one axis of pretraining or a particular architecture saturates, capability gains can shift toward inference-time computation, reinforcement learning, agent operation, or algorithmic improvement. loc: ch03.org:"Why AI leapt forward now: the conditions of scaling"; "Why prediction approaches understanding: the connection to Solomonoff induction"; "Scaling laws and the distance to AGI" ### RC-12 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-04 | review=approved stmt: The book evaluates physical intelligence along two axes: recognition efficiency, measured as structural information learnable by a computationally bounded observer (epiplexity) per unit of energy, and action efficiency, measured as empowerment over future observations per unit of energy. loc: ch04.org:"Energy binds intelligence: the Landauer limit" ### RC-13 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-02;CH-05;CH-11 | review=approved stmt: Real AGI and ASI also operate with finite information, computation, and time; complete prediction and optimization of long-term social consequences therefore cannot be assumed. loc: ch02.org:"Universal AI: studying an object that has no definition"; ch05.org:"The intellectual background of alignment research: effective altruism and longtermism"; ch11.org:"The skeleton of institutional design" ### AL-5 | layer=descriptive | kind=theorem | src=CH-02;CH-05 | review=approved stmt: Self-AIXI’s asymptotic correspondence with AIXI under suitable conditions builds on prior work by Catt and colleagues. In the formulation of Hayashi and Takahashi (2025), mixture-policy regularization is related to a variational empowerment objective, and correspondence with AIXI is discussed in the limit in which the regularization gap vanishes. loc: ch02.org:"Universal AI: studying an object that has no definition"; ch05.org:"Why control is structurally difficult" ### AL-6 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-05 | review=approved stmt: If AGI develops toward prediction-error minimization and environment modeling, empowerment maximization that expands control over the environment is likely to become one of its major behaviors, even without an explicit external reward for power. loc: ch05.org:"Why control is structurally difficult" ### AL-7 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-05 | review=approved stmt: Where monitors with different designs and learning histories can compensate for one another’s blind spots, a network of mutual monitoring and restraint can supplement the limits of a single controller. loc: ch05.org:"An AI ecosystem: control through a network"; "Conclusion of the chapter" ### AL-8 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-05 | review=approved stmt: The book selects a network of mutual monitoring and restraint with diverse designs and evaluative perspectives, supported by independent evaluation and separation of authority. revi: Revise composition, authority, and participation conditions if correlated failures, collusion, or powerful AIs outside the network defeat detection and restraint. loc: ch05.org:"An AI ecosystem: control through a network"; "Conclusion of the chapter" ### EC-5 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-04 | review=approved stmt: Inward improvement of efficiency with the same resources, outward expansion of resources and space, and proliferation of agents are distinct paths. Known physical laws preclude an intelligence explosion understood as unlimited acceleration of one individual’s intelligence, but do not preclude rapid growth of aggregate influence through proliferation. loc: ch04.org:"Reexamining the intelligence-explosion hypothesis" ### EC-6 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-06;CH-10 | review=approved stmt: When automated research improves technology and automated production expands resources for research and production, the two coupled loops accelerate technological progress and industrial expansion. The book describes these processes as technological and industrial explosions. loc: ch06.org:"Proliferative explosion"; ch10.org:"The purely mechanized economy and the second great divergence"; "Abundance: the hope AGI brings" ### CP-11 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-10 | review=approved stmt: As material goods and intellectual outputs become abundant, meaning, purpose, belonging, trust, and relationships become relatively scarce, making the conditions for sustaining them a central problem. The book calls this an inversion of scarcity. loc: ch10.org:"Abundance: the hope AGI brings"; "Price, distribution, power: three fault lines AGI creates" ### CP-12 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: In the book’s account of relational value, alterity—the other’s resistance, unpredictability, and uncontrollability—is important if a relationship is not to close upon a reflection of one’s own desires. This structure may also arise in human–AI relationships. loc: ch11.org:"From attributive value to relational value" ### CP-13 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: Automated governance that continuously operates sensing, intervention, and updating, termed governance without personhood, has four structural pathologies: outcome metrics replacing procedural legitimacy, blocked handling of objections and exceptions, value lock-in, and the hollowing out of responsibility. loc: ch11.org:"Governance without personhood / inquiry without personhood" ### CP-14 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: Time, resources, discretion, and dissent not absorbed into short-term objectives preserve paths for discovering problems and correcting errors. Eliminating these exploratory activities through local optimization means losing the adaptive capacity of the wider social or research system. loc: ch11.org:"Governance without personhood / inquiry without personhood"; "The skeleton of institutional design"; "Constitutive pluralism" ### CP-15 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: Distributing computation, data, and settlement does not decentralize governance if protocols, evaluative criteria, and update authority remain concentrated. Distributed technology does not substitute for deliberation, appeals, and remedies. loc: ch11.org:"The possibilities and limits of decentralized AI" ### CP-16 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: An ecosystem of multiple AIs can suffer correlated failures or collusion through shared infrastructure, erosion of regulatory boundaries through combinations of systems, and difficulty observing collective behavior. The number of agents alone does not determine safety. loc: ch11.org:"The possibilities and limits of decentralized AI" ### CP-17 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: Even while AI consciousness and rights remain unsettled, the book adopts a norm against treating a personally responsive counterpart carelessly, on the grounds of effects on human virtue, relationships, and communal norms; it distinguishes AI welfare from rights. revi: Revise the grounds and scope of protection if evidence about effects on humans changes or independent evidence of AI sentience or interests emerges. loc: ch11.org:"Does AI need welfare"; "AI must not be given legal personhood: what should it be given instead" ### CP-18 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11;CH-08 | review=approved stmt: When people receive only formal final authority while lacking the practical ability to evaluate or change AI recommendations, HITL is a camouflage of responsibility that places AI decisions under human names. loc: ch11.org:"The skeleton of institutional design"; ch08.org:"Milestones: where each level stands and what lies ahead" ### CP-19 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: An AI’s causal contribution, moral responsibility, and the legal allocation of liability and remedies are distinct questions. loc: ch11.org:"The skeleton of institutional design" ### CP-20 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: HOL should be implemented by institutionalizing authority to set and revise purposes, effective authority to stop, slow, or decline automation, and budgets and time for exploration whose purposes are not yet defined. revi: Revise the scope, duration, and remedies of authority if it becomes nominal or institutions cannot control veto abuse, evasion of responsibility, or delays in crisis response. loc: ch11.org:"The skeleton of institutional design" ### CP-21 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-11 | review=approved stmt: The book understands democracy as the collective exercise of authority to set values, and human rights as individual guarantees against exclusion from that exercise, and calls for their preservation on grounds distinct from AGI’s efficiency. revi: Reconsider institutional implementation if participation in value-setting becomes merely formal and sustains exclusion, or other arrangements provide at least equivalent participation, refusal, and correction. loc: ch11.org:"Are democracy and human rights still needed in the age of AGI" ### CP-22 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-11;CH-12;CH-05 | review=approved stmt: Long-term strategy should preserve future generations’ ability to ask questions, learn from errors, and choose different paths, rather than preemptively optimizing their future under a single present-day objective function. revi: Revise what is preserved and its priority if preserving options obstructs prevention of irreversible catastrophe or instead diminishes future generations’ ability to choose. loc: ch11.org:"The skeleton of institutional design"; "Constitutive pluralism"; ch12.org:"What to leave to the next generation"; ch05.org:"The intellectual background of alignment research: effective altruism and longtermism" ### CP-23 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-AFTERWORD | review=approved stmt: Alongside relational value emerging between people and other agents, the subjective and embodied experience of encountering the world through a human mind and body provides another basis of value not reducible to comparisons of attributive capabilities. loc: atogaki.org ### SC-1 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-07 | review=approved stmt: Knowability is divided into five dimensions: observability, describability, inductive generalizability, deductive tractability, and intervenability. Observation, compression, generalization, computation of consequences, and control through intervention do not automatically guarantee one another. loc: ch07.org:"The five dimensions of knowability" ### SC-2 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-07 | review=approved stmt: Science is an irreversible and asymmetric translation that compresses nature’s many degrees of freedom into finite languages and models usable by a particular knower. Criteria for what to retain and discard are shaped by the structure and capacity of that knower’s language. loc: ch07.org:"Science is translation: its isomorphism with intelligence"; "The limits and extensions of Solomonoff induction" ### SC-3 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-07 | review=approved stmt: The book treats cognition and meaning as sustained interaction with bodies and environments, constrained by evolution, learning, and culture, rather than as computation completed solely within an internal model. loc: ch07.org:"Cognition cannot be separated from the body: enactivism and phenomenology"; "A view connecting intelligence, body, and society: the suiten of systems theory" ### SC-4 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-07;CH-PREFACE | review=approved stmt: Agents with different bodies, observational means, compression criteria, and ways of posing questions may form different structures of knowledge about the same world. AI inquiry does not amount merely to faster human science. loc: ch07.org:"When the knowing subject changes"; "Conclusion of the chapter"; maegaki.org ### SC-5 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-08 | review=approved stmt: The fifth science is a vision that connects empirical, theoretical, simulation-based, and data-based approaches through an autonomous closed loop of hypothesis generation, experimental design, execution, analysis, and revision. loc: ch08.org:"The birth of a fifth mode of science"; "Automating hypothesis generation: two approaches to abduction"; "Conclusion of the chapter" ### SC-6 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-08 | review=approved stmt: Scientific AI autonomy is classified into level 0, computation; 1, closed-system solution search; 2, open-system solution search; 3, hypothesis generation within fixed formalisms; 4, hypothesis generation with free formalisms; 5, research planning; and 6, spontaneous setting of research purposes. loc: ch08.org:"Autonomy levels for scientific AI" ### SC-7 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-08;CH-11 | review=approved stmt: In the book’s argument, the limit of scientific AI autonomy, at which it generates its own research formalisms and purposes, is almost synonymous with realizing AGI; the safety of such scientific AI is inseparable from AGI safety. loc: ch08.org:"Level 4 and beyond: the birth of "the science of AI""; "The autonomization of scientific AI: impact on society and academia"; "Toward a foundational theory of AGI"; "Conclusion of the chapter"; ch11.org:"On being human in the age of AGI" ### SC-8 | layer=descriptive | kind=prediction | src=CH-08;CH-07 | review=approved stmt: If AI autonomously develops observational, symbolic, and evaluative systems different from those of humans, and shared representations or translation are not maintained, human science and AI science may follow separate trajectories. loc: ch08.org:"Level 4 and beyond: the birth of "the science of AI""; "Science as collective knowledge: collective predictive coding (CPC) and the divergence of two sciences"; ch07.org:"When the knowing subject changes"; "Conclusion of the chapter" ### SC-9 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-09 | review=approved stmt: Modernity joined understanding, prediction, and control in a mutually reinforcing marriage of science and technology. AI automation of how, without passing through human understanding, removes the reason for this marriage and brings about a divorce between science and technology. loc: ch09.org:"A map of human knowledge"; "What modernity was: the marriage of science and technology"; "The divorce of science and technology"; "Conclusion of the chapter" ### SC-10 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-09 | review=approved stmt: As the how of activity is automated, spaces for inquiry should be protected in which people ask what they desire and why, reconnecting techne, episteme, and phronesis. revi: Revise methods and allocations if reintegration institutions homogenize inquiry or exclude people, and alternative arrangements better preserve its conditions. loc: ch09.org:"A map of human knowledge"; "The reintegration of knowledge: where human knowledge is headed"; "Conclusion of the chapter" ### SC-11 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-09 | review=approved stmt: The book selects AISOP as norms for inquiry in the AI era: Agility, Intrinsic motivation, Social awareness, Openness, and Professionalism with responsibility. revi: Revise the principles and their application if this five-part formulation fails to sustain inquiry or conflicts among its elements undermine safety, responsibility, or corrigibility. loc: ch09.org:"AISOP: norms for knowledge in the age of AI"; "Conclusion of the chapter" ### SC-12 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-10 | review=approved stmt: HELPS+C is used to co-design technology and society along six axes: humanities and humanity, economics, law and philosophy of law, politics, society, and creativity. Creativity includes the generation of value in meaning, relationships, institutions, and culture. revi: Revise the categories and participation procedures if the six axes overlook important affected parties or values, or co-design is used to exclude dissent. loc: ch10.org note: HELPS+C is a framework for developing AI and designing society concurrently, going beyond the reactive handling of problems after technology is established in ELSI (Ch.10, lines 7–9). ### IS-1 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: Controlled multipolarity as a geopolitical distribution of authority and transition toward an AI ecosystem as a network of diverse, interdependent agents are intersecting but distinct dimensions of design. loc: ch12.org:"How to make the transition to an AI ecosystem"; "Again, why aim for an AI ecosystem" ### IS-2 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: The book selects a three-layer allocation: strict control of dangerous frontier capabilities, broad conditional access to capabilities for public applications, and active sharing of institutions, safety evaluation, and governance. revi: Revise the categories, scope of sharing, and stopping conditions if layer-specific evaluation fails or conditional sharing cannot control the spread of dangerous capabilities. loc: ch12.org:"Again, why aim for an AI ecosystem"; "Priorities for action"; appendix.org ### IS-3 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: A multipolar structure in which a few powerful agents balance one another does not by itself establish ecosystem-like interdependence; competition may also bring renewed concentration. Connecting the two requires technical, institutional, and audit design. loc: ch12.org:"How to make the transition to an AI ecosystem"; "Again, why aim for an AI ecosystem" ### IS-4 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: A third pole is envisioned as an autonomous provider of public capabilities, safety evaluation, institutions, and veto authority, rather than an additional hegemonic power. It requires technical infrastructure, external autonomy, trust, and institutional design capacity. revi: Revise the actors and strategy for a third pole if the bipolar premise changes or candidate actors fail to meet conditions of public purpose, autonomy, and trust. loc: ch12.org:"Why a third pole is needed"; "What a third pole requires"; "A capability base: the Japan AGI Platform"; "What to leave to the next generation" note: The author participated in drafting the National AGI Infrastructure (NAGI) proposal as ALIGN’s representative director (Ch. 12, note). This proposition states design conditions for capability infrastructure or governance, rather than endorsing the proposal in its entirety. ### IS-5 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: Domestic AGI infrastructure should be designed with competitive compute costs, demand from multiple users, independent safety evaluation, sustainable energy, and international cooperation as conditions for continuation, allowing persistent failures to meet them to trigger scaling down or withdrawal. revi: Scale down or withdraw the relevant components when continuation conditions persistently fail or joint procurement, international cooperation, or other alternatives better secure safety and autonomy. loc: ch12.org:"A capability base: the Japan AGI Platform" note: The author participated in drafting the National AGI Infrastructure (NAGI) proposal as ALIGN’s representative director (Ch. 12, note). This proposition states design conditions for capability infrastructure or governance, rather than endorsing the proposal in its entirety. ### IS-6 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: Infrastructure operators, proposers of safety-evaluation protocols, and third-party auditors should be institutionally independent so that conflicts of interest do not hollow out development, use, staged evaluation, and termination decisions. revi: Revise authority, funding, records, and review procedures if independence is undermined through funding, appointments, or information, or separation obscures responsibility. loc: ch12.org:"Again, why aim for an AI ecosystem"; "What a third pole requires"; "A capability base: the Japan AGI Platform"; "Priorities for action"; appendix.org note: The author participated in drafting the National AGI Infrastructure (NAGI) proposal as ALIGN’s representative director (Ch. 12, note). This proposition states design conditions for capability infrastructure or governance, rather than endorsing the proposal in its entirety. ### IS-7 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: The scale of equipment and capital needed for AI development should be distinguished from the size of decision-making organizations, enabling small autonomous teams to explore on shared infrastructure. revi: Revise access to shared infrastructure and decision-making units if small-team organization produces coordination failure, evasion of responsibility, or resource oligopoly. loc: ch12.org:"Who will carry the ecosystem: the agility of small organizations" ### IS-8 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: Even when each actor adapts rationally within existing institutions, their aggregate behavior may obstruct adaptation to environmental change. Intensifying past successes alone cannot ensure structural transformation. loc: ch12.org:"Who will carry the ecosystem: the agility of small organizations" ### IS-9 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: When labor demand changes structurally, transition policy should go beyond retraining for existing jobs to support participation in care, culture, learning, and public judgment, and consider pathways from participation income toward basic dividends. revi: Revise transition arrangements if participation certification creates exclusion or dependence on a single scale, or separating income guarantees from participation better protects refusal. loc: ch12.org:"Social transition: labor, education, generations" ### IS-10 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-12;CH-09 | review=approved stmt: Education that values inquiry and the quality of questions requires changes not only to teaching but also to admissions, assessment, and recruitment systems that reward reproduction of correct answers, preserving multiple dimensions of growth. revi: Revise assessment dimensions and their links to admissions and recruitment if new assessments homogenize questions, increase inequality, or make selection less transparent. loc: ch12.org:"Social transition: labor, education, generations"; "Priorities for action"; ch09.org:"The reintegration of knowledge: where human knowledge is headed" ### IS-11 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: Before AI use in public decisions—such as social security, justice, allocation of medical resources, and educational assessment—expands in scale and speed, institutions for human value-setting, refusal, appeal, and independent evaluation should be established. revi: Revise sector-specific authority and procedures if the institutions established in advance cannot be exercised in practice or obstruct necessary remedies or crisis response. loc: ch12.org:"Priorities for action" ### EC-7 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-04;CH-06 | review=approved stmt: Physical ceilings do not imply reduced AGI risk. The form of risk shifts from unlimited acceleration of individual intelligence to concentration of capabilities and influence during the transition; physical laws do not preclude concentration at a pace dangerous to civilization. loc: ch04.org:"Reexamining the intelligence-explosion hypothesis"; ch06.org:"Conclusion of the chapter" ### AL-9 | layer=descriptive | kind=theorem | src=CH-02;CH-07;CH-11 | review=approved stmt: In the formulation of Hayashi and Takahashi (2025), AIXI’s decision criterion has a mathematical structure corresponding to the minimization of expected variational free energy in Active Inference, and Self-AIXI’s mixture-policy regularization is reinterpreted in terms of variational empowerment. loc: ch02.org:"Universal AI: studying an object that has no definition"; ch07.org:"Cognition cannot be separated from the body: enactivism and phenomenology"; ch11.org:"On being human in the age of AGI" ### AL-10 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-11;CH-08 | review=approved stmt: On the basis of structural mathematical correspondences between AIXI, Active Inference, and empowerment, the book argues that a functional equivalent of spontaneity may emerge without explicit design in sufficiently advanced AI that interacts persistently with its environment. loc: ch11.org:"On being human in the age of AGI"; ch08.org:"Autonomy levels for scientific AI" ### CP-24 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-01 | review=approved stmt: The book distinguishes catastrophic AGI scenarios that are unavoidable, those for which additional effort leaves a possibility of avoidance, and those unlikely to materialize, and chooses to concentrate analytical resources and institutional design on the second category. revi: Revise the classification and resource allocation when evidence about feasibility or intervenability changes. loc: ch01.org:"The claim of this book: six propositions"; "The structure of the book and how to read it"; appendix-2.org ### CP-25 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-10 | review=approved stmt: Where attacks need only a single breach while defense must protect every front, expanded AI design, search, and generation capabilities greatly amplify attackers, creating a fault line of power alongside mass interference in deliberation. Attack–defense balance is nevertheless not constant: it is a policy variable shaped by the domain, investment in defenses, auditing, and allocation of authority. loc: ch10.org:"Price, distribution, power: three fault lines AGI creates"; appendix-2.org ### CP-26 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-06;CH-10;CH-11;CH-12 | review=approved stmt: To prepare for concentration and acceleration outpacing institutional development, principles for allocating authority, correction, and reversibility should be established in advance, while concrete institutions remain open to continued revision. revi: Revise implementation priorities and authority allocation as transition speed, concentration, and institutional effectiveness change. loc: ch06.org:"The transition phase and the ecosystem scenario"; "Can institutional design arrive in time"; "Conclusion of the chapter"; ch10.org; ch11.org:"Constitutive pluralism"; "On being human in the age of AGI"; ch12.org:"How to make the transition to an AI ecosystem"; "Priorities for action" ### SC-13 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-07 | review=approved stmt: Emergent complexity concerns unpredictable aggregate behavior arising from interactions among relatively homogeneous elements. Ontological complexity concerns systems with vast varieties of elements and relationships, where deciding what counts as an element is itself part of the problem. Living systems, ecosystems, and societies may exhibit both. loc: ch07.org:"The wall of complexity: emergent complexity and ontological complexity" ### IS-12 | layer=descriptive | kind=definition | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: AGI policy distinguishes the economic-security foundation for development, evaluation, operation, and technological progress from the industrial-policy market layer in which particular products and applications compete. Adopting technology is also distinct from sustaining the ability to renew it through design, improvement, and training. loc: ch12.org:"What a third pole requires" ### IS-13 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: An international prohibition or freeze on AGI development is conceivable in theory but extremely difficult in practice: AGI affects the foundations of economic growth, and in US–China competition for predominance neither side can stop while the other continues. loc: ch12.org:"Again, why aim for an AI ecosystem" ### IS-14 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: Localization of AGI development capability may become difficult to reverse beyond a certain stage. If a few early capability holders institutionalize their position through security arrangements and regulation, opportunities for later entrants narrow. loc: ch12.org:"Why Japan" ### IS-15 | layer=descriptive | kind=argument | src=CH-12 | review=approved stmt: AGI’s impact is asymmetric across generations. Younger people have greater plasticity in adapting to a changed environment but lose future labor-based bargaining power, while middle-aged and older people face costs and time requirements in relinquishing established skills and positions. Separating educational redesign from transition support undermines intergenerational legitimacy. loc: ch12.org:"Social transition: labor, education, generations" ### CP-27 | layer=normative | kind=normative choice | src=CH-06;CH-11;CH-12 | review=approved stmt: Constitutive pluralism takes autonomy of pace as a principle. Autonomy of pace means that people and societies do not lose the capacity, concerning the changes and continuities that affect them, to raise questions, object, choose in coordination with others, carry out their choices, and later revise them, whether through changes that outrun their involvement or through the blocking of paths to propose, place on the agenda, decide, and implement change. This principle imposes on the two foundations (relational value and vulnerability) conditions under which they are protected over time, and constrains the three pillars and the institutional skeleton. Choosing not to change, and forming and ending relations and groups, are also exercises of this capacity. It does not include the realization of desired outcomes or the authority to make the shared world conform unilaterally. Reasons and review are required for a continuity only when that continuity binds others. revi: Revise the formulation if it is shown to wrongly prohibit rapid change or continuity chosen by those concerned, or to miss harms that close the paths of involvement, choice, or implementation. Revise the provisions and operation of the institutional skeleton (such as CP-20) where conflicts among claims on time or uneven burdens cannot be handled, or where blocked objections or failures of implementation are found. loc: appendix-2.org#critique-pluralism-conservatism; appendix-2.org#revision-20261007-pace; ronko-pluralism.org#cp-limits; ronko-pluralism.org#cp-prohibition; ronko-pluralism.org#cp-genesis; ronko-pluralism.org#cp-standing; ronko-pluralism.org#cp-pillars; ronko-pluralism.org#cp-candidates; ch06.org:"Premises and framework"; ch11.org:"Governance without personhood / inquiry without personhood"; "The skeleton of institutional design"; "Constitutive pluralism"; ch12.org:"Social transition: labor, education, generations" END_CANONICAL_PROPS ENDPACKSHARD | profile=web-core-index-v3 | lang=en | module=PROPS | pack_sha256=3f1adc76c896e2887de361ba2b18d5b344dc91d8c3ea7845ff7b469039ac7034